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Published on August 4, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.085712

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Received June 23, 2006
Accepted July 29, 2006

Galactoglucomannans Increase Cell Population Density and Alter the Protoxylem/metaxylem Tracheary Element Ratio in Xylogenic Cultures of Zinnia Elegans

Anna Benová-Kákosová , Catherine Digonnet , Florence Goubet , Philippe Ranocha , Alain Jauneau , Edouard Pesquet , Odile Barbier , Zhinong Zhang , Peter Capek , Paul Dupree , Desana Lisková , and Deborah Goffner

UMR-CNRS-UPS 5546 « Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux », Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France; Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
UMR-CNRS-UPS 5546 « Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux », Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
Department of Biochemistry, Building O, Downing Site Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia

Xylogenic cultures of Zinnia elegans provide a unique opportunity to study signalling pathways of tracheary element (TE) differentiation. In vitro tracheary elements differentiate into either protoxylem-like (PX) TEs characterized by annular/helical secondary wall thickenings or metaxylem-like (MX) TEs with reticulate/scalariform/pitted thickenings. The factors that determine these different cell fates are largely unknown. We show here that supplementing zinnia (Zinnia elegans) cultures with exogenous galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) derived from spruce xylem had two major effects: an increase in cell population density and a decrease in the ratio of PX/MX TEs. In an attempt to link these two effects, the consequence of the plane of cell division on PX-MX differentiation was assessed. Although GGMOs did not affect the plane of cell division per se, they significantly increased the proportion of longitudinally divided cells differentiating into MX. To test the biological significance of these findings, we have determined the presence of mannan-containing oligosaccharides in zinnia cultures in vitro. Immunodot-blot assays indicated that {beta}-1,4-mannosyl epitopes accumulate specifically in TE-inductive medium. These epitopes were homogeneously distributed within the thickened secondary walls of TEs when the primary cell wall is weakly labelled. Using polysaccharide analysis carbohydrate gel electrophoresis (PACE), glucomannans were specifically detected in cell walls of differentiating zinnia cultures. Finally, zinnia macroarrays probed with cDNAs from cells cultured in the presence or absence of GGMOs indicated that significantly more genes were down-regulated rather than up-regulated by GGMOs. This study constitutes a major step in the elucidation of signalling mechanisms of PX and MX-specific genetic programs in zinnia.




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