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Published on August 18, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.085829

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Received June 27, 2006
Accepted August 13, 2006

Species having C4 single cell type photosynthesis in family Chenopodiaceae evolved a photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase like that of C4 Kranz type species

María Valeria Lara , Simon D.X. Choung , Hossein Akhani , Carlos Santiago Andreo , and Gerald E. Edwards *

Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236 USA
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14155-6455, Tehran, Iran (H.A.)

* Corresponding author; email: edwardsg{at}wsu.edu.

Spatial and temporal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is critical to the function of C4 photosynthesis. The photosynthetic isoform of PEPC in the cytosol of mesophyll cells in Kranz type C4 photosynthesis has distinctive kinetic and regulatory properties. Some species in family Chenopodiaceae perform C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy, by spatial separation of initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 via PEPC from C4 acid decarboxylation and CO2 donation to Rubisco within individual chlorenchyma cells. We studied molecular and functional features of PEPC in two single-cell functioning C4 species (Bienertia sinuspersici, Suaeda aralocaspica) as compared to Kranz type (Haloxylon persicum, Salsola richteri, Suaeda eltonica) and C3 (Suaeda linifolia) chenopods. It was found that PEPC from both types of C4 chenopods display higher specific activity than that of the C3 species, and show kinetic and regulatory characteristics similar to those of C4 species in other families, in that they are subject to light/dark regulation by phosphorylation, and display differential malate sensitivity. Also, the deduced amino acid sequence from leaf cDNA indicates that the single-cell functioning C4 species possess a Kranz type C4 isoform with a serine in the amino-terminal. A phylogeny of PEPC shows isoforms in the two single-cell functioning C4 species are in a clade with the C3 and Kranz C4 Suaeda species, with high sequence homology. Overall, this study indicates that B. sinuspersici and S. aralocaspica have a C4 type PEPC similar to that in Kranz C4 plants, which likely is required for effective function of C4 photosynthesis.




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