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Published on July 28, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.086256

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Received July 3, 2006
Accepted July 25, 2006

The Effects of Elevated [CO2] on Soybean Gene Expression. An Analysis of Growing and Mature Leaves

Elizabeth A. Ainsworth *, Alistair Rogers , Lila O. Vodkin , Achim Walter , and Ulrich Schurr

USDA/ARS Photosynthesis Research Unit and Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801; ICG-III, Juelich Research Center, D-52425, Juelich, Germany
Department of Environmental Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973-5000; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801
Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801
ICG-III, Juelich Research Center, D-52425, Juelich, Germany

* Corresponding author; email: ainswort{at}uiuc.edu.

Improvements in carbon assimilation and water use efficiency lead to increases in maximum leaf area index at elevated carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]); however, the molecular drivers for this increase are unknown. We investigated the molecular basis for changes in leaf development at elevated [CO2] using soybeans (Glycine max) grown under fully open air conditions at the Soybean Free Air CO2 Enrichment (SoyFACE) facility. The transcriptome responses of rapidly growing and fully expanded leaves to elevated [CO2] were investigated using cDNA microarrays. We identified 1146 transcripts that showed a significant change in expression in growing vs. fully expanded leaves. Transcripts for ribosomal proteins, cell cycle and cell-wall loosening, necessary for cytoplasmic growth and cell proliferation, were highly expressed in growing leaves. We further identified 139 transcripts with a significant [CO2] by development interaction. Clustering of these transcripts showed that transcripts involved in cell growth and cell proliferation were more highly expressed in growing leaves that developed at elevated [CO2] compared to growing leaves that developed at ambient [CO2]. The 327 [CO2]-responsive genes largely suggest that elevated [CO2] stimulates the respiratory breakdown of carbohydrates, which provides increased energy and biochemical precursors for leaf expansion and growth at elevated [CO2]. While increased photosynthesis and carbohydrate production at elevated [CO2] are well documented, this research demonstrates at the transcript and metabolite level, that respiratory breakdown of starch is also increased at elevated [CO2].




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