Plant Physiology Preview
Published on September 8, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.086694
Received July 13, 2006
Accepted August 29, 2006
Arabidopsis Seed Development and Germination Is Associated with Temporally Distinct Metabolic Switches
Aaron Fait , Ruthie Angelovici , Hadar Less , Itzhak Ohad , Ewa Urbanczyk-Wochniak , Alisdair R. Fernie , and Gad Galili *
Department of Plant Sciences, the Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
Minerva Avron Evenari Center for Photosynthesis Research, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel.
Abteitlung Willmitzer, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Golm-Potsdam, Germany
* Corresponding author; email: gad.galili{at}weizmann.ac.il.
Whilst the metabolic networks in developing seeds during the period of reserve accumulation have been extensively characterized, much less is known about those present during seed desiccation and subsequent germination. Here we utilized metabolite profiling, in conjunction with selective mRNA and physiological profiling to characterize Arabidopsis seeds throughout development and germination. Seed maturation was associated with a significant reduction of most sugars, organic acids and amino acids, suggesting their efficient incorporation into storage reserves. The transition from reserve accumulation to seed desiccation was associated with a major metabolic switch, resulting in the accumulation of distinct sugars, organic acids, nitrogen-rich amino acids and shikimate-derived metabolites. In contrast, seed vernalization was associated with a decrease in the content of several of the metabolic intermediates accumulated during seed desiccation, implying that these intermediates might support the metabolic reorganization needed for seed germination. Concomitantly, the levels of other metabolites significantly increased during vernalization and were boosted further during germination sensu stricto, implying their importance for germination and seedling establishment. The metabolic switches during seed maturation and germination were also associated with distinct patterns of expression of genes encoding metabolism-associated gene products, as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and analysis of publicly available microarray data. When taken together our results provide a comprehensive picture of the co-ordinated changes in primary metabolism that underlie seed development and germination in Arabidopsis. They furthermore, imply that the metabolic preparation for germination and efficient seedling establishment initiates already during seed desiccation and continues by additional distinct metabolic switches during vernalization and early germination.
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