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Published on December 1, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.086959

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Received July 20, 2006
Accepted November 21, 2006

A Diffusible Signal from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Elicits a Transient Cytosolic Calcium Elevation in Host Plant Cells

Lorella Navazio *, Roberto Moscatiello , Andrea Genre , Mara Novero , Barbara Baldan , Paola Bonfante , and Paola Mariani

Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Università di Torino e Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy

* Corresponding author; email: lorella.navazio{at}unipd.it.

The implication of calcium as intracellular messenger in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis has not yet been directly demonstrated, although often envisaged. We used soybean cell cultures stably expressing the Ca2+ bioluminescent indicator aequorin to detect intracellular Ca2+ changes in response to the culture medium of spores of Gigaspora margarita germinating in the absence of the plant partner. Rapid and transient elevations in cytosolic free Ca2+ were recorded, indicating that diffusible molecules released by the mycorrhizal fungus are perceived by host plant cells through a Ca2+-mediated signalling. Similar responses were also triggered by two Glomus isolates. The fungal molecules active in generating the Ca2+ transient were constitutively released in the medium, and the induced Ca2+ signature was not modified by the co-culture of germinating spores with plant cells. Even ungerminated spores were able to generate the signalling molecules, as proven when the germination was blocked by a low temperature. The fungal molecules were found to be stable to heat treatment, of small molecular mass (<3 kDa) and, on the basis of extraction with an organic solvent, partially lipophilic. Evidence for the specificity of such an early fungal signal to the AM symbiosis is suggested by the lack of a Ca2+ response in cultured cells of the non-host plant Arabidopsis thaliana and by the upregulation in soybean cells of genes related to Medicago truncatula DMI1, DMI2 and DMI3 and considered essential for the establishment of the AM symbiosis.




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