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Published on November 22, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.089425

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Received September 3, 2006
Accepted November 17, 2006

Aminocyclopropane Carboxylate Synthase Is a Regulated Step in Ethylene-dependent Induced Conifer Defense. Full-length cDNA Cloning of a Multi-gene ACS Family, Differential Constitutive and Wound- and Insect-induced Expression, and Cellular and Subcellular Localization in Spruce and Douglas Fir

Steven G. Ralph , J.W. Hudgins , Sharon Jancsik , Vincent R. Franceschi , and Jörg Bohlmann *

Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4
Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 99164-4236
School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA 99164-4236
Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4; Departments of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4; Forest Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, V6T 1Z4

* Corresponding author; email: bohlmann{at}interchange.ubc.ca.

In conifer stems, formation of chemical defenses against insects or pathogens involves specialized anatomical structures of the phloem and xylem. Oleoresin terpenoids are formed in resin duct epithelial cells and phenolics accumulate in polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells. Ethylene signaling has been implicated in the induction of these chemical defenses. Recently, we reported the cloning of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) from spruce (Picea) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). ACO protein was constitutively expressed in Douglas fir and only weakly induced upon wounding. We now cloned seven full-length and one near full-length cDNA representing four distinct 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthases (ACS1, ACS2, ACS3, ACS4) from spruce and Douglas fir. Cloning of ACS has not previously been reported for any gymnosperm. Using gene-specific, quantitative real-time PCR we measured constitutive expression for the four ACS genes and the single-copy ACO gene in various tissues of Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis) and in white spruce (P. glauca) somatic embryos. ACO and ACS4 were ubiquitously expressed at high levels; ACS1 was predominantly expressed in developing embryos; and ACS2 and ACS3 were expressed only at very low levels. Insect attack or mechanical wounding caused a strong induction of ACS2 and ACS3 in Sitka spruce bark, a moderate increase in ACO transcripts, but had no effect on ACS1 and ACS4. ACS protein was also strongly induced following mechanical wounding in Douglas fir and was highly abundant in resin duct epithelial cells and PP cells. These results suggest that ACS, but not ACO, is a regulated step in ethylene-induced conifer defense.




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A. Boualem, M. Fergany, R. Fernandez, C. Troadec, A. Martin, H. Morin, M.-A. Sari, F. Collin, J. M. Flowers, M. Pitrat, et al.
A Conserved Mutation in an Ethylene Biosynthesis Enzyme Leads to Andromonoecy in Melons
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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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