Plant Physiology Preview
Published on November 10, 2006; 10.1104/pp.106.090688
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Received September 30, 2006
Accepted November 8, 2006
Characterisation of the Preprotein and Amino Acids Transporter Gene Family in Arabidopsis
Monika W Murcha , Dina Elhafez , Ryan Lister , Julian Tonti-Filippini , Manuela Baumgartner , Katrin Philippar , Chris Carrie , Dejana Mokranjac , Jürgen Soll , and James Whelan *
ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, MCS Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia.
Department for Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Menzingerstraße 67, 80638 Munich, Germany.
Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5, 81377 Munich, Germany.
* Corresponding author; email: seamus{at}cyllene.uwa.edu.au.
Seventeen loci encode proteins of the preprotein and amino acid transporter family in Arabidopsis. Some of these genes have arisen from recent duplications and are not in annotated duplicated regions of the Arabidopsis genome. In comparison to a number of other eukaryotic organisms, this family of proteins has greatly expanded in plants, with twenty-four loci in rice. Most of the Arabidopsis and rice genes are orthologous, indicating expansion of this family before the monocot and dicot divergence. In vitro protein uptake assays, in vivo GFP tagging of proteins, and immunological analyses of selected proteins determined either a mitochondrial or plastidic localisation for ten and six proteins respectively. The protein encoded by At5g24650 is targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts, the first membrane protein reported to be targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts. Three genes encoded TIM17 like proteins, three TIM23 like proteins and three OEP16 like proteins in Arabidopsis. The identity of Arabidopsis TIM22 like protein(s) is most likely a protein encoded by At3g10110/At1g18320, based on phylogenetic analysis, subcellular localisation, and complementation of a yeast mutant and co-expression analysis. The lack of a preprotein and amino acid transporter domain in some proteins, localisation in mitochondria, plastids or both, the variation in gene structure, and the differences in expression profiles indicate that the function of this family has diverged in plants beyond roles in protein translocation.
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