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Published on February 23, 2007; 10.1104/pp.106.091819

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Received October 23, 2006
Accepted February 2, 2007

Characterisation of the Regulatory and Expression Context of an Alternative Oxidase Gene Provides Insights into Cyanide Insensitive Respiration during Growth and Development

Lois H. M. Ho , Estelle Giraud , Ryan Lister , David Thirkettle-Watts , Jasmine Low , Rachel Clifton , Katharine A Howell , Chris Carrie , Tamzin Donald , and James Whelan *

ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, MCS Building M316 University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia

* Corresponding author; email: seamus{at}cyllene.uwa.edu.au.

The alternative oxidase is encoded in small multi-gene families in plants. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis alternative oxidase 1c (AtAOX1c) promoter, an AOX gene not induced by oxidative stress, indicated that regulation of expression was complex, with the upstream promoter region containing positive and negative response regions. Comparison to the promoter region of soybean alternative oxidase 2b (GmAOX2b), another AOX gene not induced by oxidative stress, revealed that they contained seven sequence elements in common. All elements were active in the promoter region of AtAOX1c in suspension cells, and in leaf tissue from Col-0 and mutant plants, where a mitochondrial protein import receptor was inactivated. Analysis of co-expressed and putatively co-regulated genes, the latter defined as containing 5 or more sequence elements functional in AtAOX1c, indicated that AtAOX1c was co-regulated with components involved with cell division and growth. Consistent with this analysis, we demonstrated that site II elements, previously shown to regulate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen, are present in the upstream promoter region of AtAOX1c and were strong negative regulators of AtAOX1c expression. It was demonstrated that NDB4, a gene encoding an external NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, displayed strong co-expression with AtAOX1c. Overall these results indicate that AtAOX1c is regulated by growth and developmental signals.




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