Plant Physiology Preview
Published on April 13, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.098996
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Received March 6, 2007
Accepted April 4, 2007
Maize Y9 Encodes a Product Essential for 15-cis Zetacarotene Isomerization
Faqiang Li , Christina Murillo , and Eleanore T. Wurtzel *
Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, 250 Bedford Park Blvd. West, Bronx, NY 10468; The Graduate School and University Center-CUNY, 365 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10016-4309
* Corresponding author; email: wurtzel{at}lehman.cuny.edu.
Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. They serve essential functions in plants and provide health benefits for humans and animals. In plants, it was thought that conversion of the C40 carotenoid backbone, 15-cis phytoene, to all-trans lycopene, the geometrical isomer required by downstream enzymes, required two desaturases (PDS and ZDS) plus a ‘carotene isomerase’, CRTISO, in addition to light mediated photoisomerization of the 15-cis double bond; bacteria employ only a single enzyme, CRTI. Characterization of the maize y9 locus has brought to light a new isomerase required in plant carotenoid biosynthesis. We report that maize Y9 encodes a factor required for isomerase activity upstream of CRTISO, which we term Z-ISO, an activity that catalyzes the cis to trans conversion of the 15-cis bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis- -carotene, the product of PDS, to form 9,9'-di-cis--carotene, the substrate of ZDS. We show that recessive y9 alleles condition accumulation of 9,15,9'-tri-cis--carotene in dark tissues, such as roots and etiolated leaves, in contrast to accumulation of 9,9'-di-cis--carotene in a ZDS mutant, vp9. We also identify a locus in Euglena which is similarly required for Z-ISO activity. These data, taken together with the geometrical isomer substrate requirement of ZDS in evolutionarily distant plants, suggest that Z-ISO activity is not unique to maize but that it will be found in all higher plants. Further analysis of this new gene-controlled step is critical to understanding regulation of this essential biosynthetic pathway.
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