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Published on April 27, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.099325

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Received March 10, 2007
Accepted April 4, 2007

Analysis of Leaf Development in fugu Mutants of Arabidopsis Reveals Three Compensation Modes that Modulate Cell Expansion in Determinate Organs

Ali Ferjani , Gorou Horiguchi *, Satoshi Yano , and Hirokazu Tsukaya

Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; National Institute for Basic Biology/Okazaki Institute for Integrated Bioscience, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: ghori{at}boil.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp.

In multicellular organisms, the coordination of cell proliferation and expansion is fundamental for proper organogenesis, yet the molecular mechanisms involved in this coordination are largely unexplored. In plant leaves, the existence of this coordination is suggested by "compensation," in which a decrease in cell number triggers an increase in mature cell size. To elucidate the mechanisms of compensation, we isolated five new Arabidopsis thaliana mutants (fugu1-fugu5) that exhibit compensation. These mutants were characterized together with angustifolia3, erecta, and a KIP-RELATED PROTEIN2 overexpressor, which were previously reported to exhibit compensation. Time-course analyses of leaf development revealed that enhanced cell expansion in fugu2-1, fugu5-1, an3-4, and er-102 mutants is induced post-mitotically, indicating that cell enlargement is not caused by the uncoupling of cell division from cell growth. In each of the mutants, either the rate or duration of cell expansion was selectively enhanced. In contrast, we found that enhanced cell expansion in KIP-RELATED PROTEIN2 overexpressor occurs during cell proliferation. We further demonstrated that enhanced cell expansion occurs in cotyledons with dynamics similar to that in leaves. In contrast, cell expansion was not enhanced in roots even though they exhibit decreased cell numbers. Thus, compensation was confirmed to occur preferentially in determinate organs. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that increases in ploidy level are not always required to trigger compensation, suggesting that compensation is only partially mediated by ploidy-dependent processes. Our results suggest that compensation reflects an organ-wide coordination of cell proliferation and expansion in determinate organs, and involves at least three different expansion pathways.




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