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Published on April 27, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.099820

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Received March 20, 2007
Accepted April 6, 2007

A Reassessment of the Function of the So-called Compatible Solutes in the Halophytic Plumbaginaceae Limonium Latifolium

David Gagneul , Abdelkader Ainouche , Claire Duhazé , Raphaël Lugan , François Robert Larher , and Alain Bouchereau *

Equipe Osmoadaptation et Métabolismes de Stress, Université de Rennes 1 (CNRS, UMR 6026 ICM), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France; Equipe Evolution des Génomes et Spéciation, Université de Rennes 1 (CNRS, UMR 6553 ECOBIO), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes cedex, France

* Corresponding author; email: alain.bouchereau{at}univ-rennes1.fr.

The compatible solute hypothesis posits that maintaining osmotic equilibrium under conditions of high salinity requires synthesis of organic compounds, uptake of potassium ions, and partial exclusion of NaCl. To assess whether osmotic adaptation in Limonium latifolium proceeds according to this hypothesis, a comprehensive analysis of solute accumulation during NaCl treatments was conducted. Determination of prevailing inorganic ions and establishment of the metabolic profiles for low molecular weight organic substances revealed that contrary to the mentioned hypothesis the major contributors to osmolarity were constituted by inorganic solutes. Independent of salinity, only 25% of this osmolarity resulted from organic solutes such as sucrose and hexoses. Proline, {beta}-alanine betaine and choline-O-sulfate were minor contributors to osmolarity. Compatible inositols also occurred especially chiro-inositol characterized for the first time in this species. Principal component analysis showed that only a limited number of metabolic reconfigurations occurred in response to dynamic changes in salinity. Under such conditions only sugars, chiro-inositol, and proline behave as active osmobalancers. Analysis of metabolic profiles during acclimatization to either mild salinity or non-saline conditions showed that organic solute accumulation is predominantly controlled by constitutive developmental programs, some of which might be slightly modulated by salinity. Osmolarity provided under such conditions can be sufficient to maintain turgor in salinized seedlings. Compartmental analysis of proline and {beta}-alanine betaine in leaf tissues demonstrated that these solutes, mainly located in vacuoles under non-saline conditions, could be partly directed to the cytosol in response to salinization. Thus they did not conform with the predictions of the compatible solute hypothesis.




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