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Published on August 24, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.101824

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Received June 18, 2007
Accepted August 10, 2007

Flavonoids Are Differentially Taken up and Transported Long Distances in Arabidopsis

Charles S. Buer *, Gloria K. Muday , and Michael A. Djordjevic

Genomic Interactions Group, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia; Biology Department, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA

* Corresponding author; email: charles.buer{at}anu.edu.au.

Flavonoids are synthesised in response to developmental and environmental signals and perform many functions in plants. Arabidopsis thaliana roots grown in complete darkness do not accumulate flavonoids since the expression of genes encoding enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis is light dependent. Yet, flavonoids accumulate in root tips of plants with light-grown shoots and light-shielded roots, consistent with shoot-to-root flavonoid movement. Using fluorescence microscopy, a selective flavonoid stain, and localised aglycone application to transparent testa mutants, we showed that flavonoids accumulated in tissues distal to the application site indicating uptake and movement systems. This was confirmed by time-course fluorescence experiments and HPLC. Flavonoid applications to root tips resulted in basipetal movement in epidermal layers, with subsequent fluorescence detected 1 cm from application sites after 1 h. Flavonoid application to mid-root or cotyledons showed movement of flavonoids toward the root tip mainly in vascular tissue. Naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, and dihydroquercetin were taken up at the root tip, mid-root, or cotyledons and travelled long distances via cell-to-cell movement to distal tissues followed by conversion to quercetin and kaempferol. In contrast, kaempferol and quercetin were only taken up at the root tip. Using ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and H+-ATPase inhibitors suggested that a multidrug-resistance associated protein ABCC transporter facilitated flavonoid movement away from the application site.




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