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Published on September 20, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.103689

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Received June 10, 2007
Accepted September 17, 2007

A Proteinaceous Elicitor Sm1 from the Beneficial Fungus Trichoderma virens Is Required for Induced Systemic Resistance in Maize

Slavica Djonovic , Walter A. Vargas , Michael V. Kolomiets , Michelle Horndeski , Aric Wiest , and Charles M. Kenerley *

Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX 77843, USA

* Corresponding author; email: c-kenerley{at}tamu.edu.

We have previously shown that the beneficial filamentous fungus, Trichoderma virens, secretes a highly effective hydrophobin-like elicitor Sm1 that induces systemic disease resistance in the dicot cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). In this study we tested whether colonization of roots by T. virens can induce systemic protection against a foliar pathogen in the monocot maize (Zea mays), and we further demonstrated the importance of Sm1 during maize-fungal interactions using a functional genomics approach. Maize seedlings were inoculated with T. virens Gv29-8 wild-type (WT) and transformants in which SM1 was disrupted (KO) or constitutively over-expressed (OE) in a hydroponic system or in a soil-grown maize seedlings challenged with the pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. We show that similar to dicot plants, colonization of maize roots by T. virens induces systemic protection of the leaves inoculated with C. graminicola. This protection was associated with notable induction of jasmonic acid (JA)- and green leaf volatiles (GLVs)-biosynthetic genes. Neither deletion nor over-expression of SM1 affected normal growth or development of T. virens, conidial germination, production of gliotoxin, hyphal coiling, hydrophobicity or the ability to colonize maize roots. Plant bioassays showed that maize grown with KO strains exhibited the same levels of systemic protection as non-Trichoderma treated plants. Moreover, deletion and over-expression of SM1 resulted in significantly reduced and enhanced levels of disease protection, respectively compared to WT. These data together indicate that T. virens is able to effectively activate systemic disease protection in maize, and that the functional Sm1 elicitor is required for this activity.




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