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Published on October 19, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.104752

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Received June 29, 2007
Accepted October 9, 2007

Oxo-phytodienoic acid containing galactolipids in Arabidopsis: Jasmonate signaling dependence

Olga Kourtchenko , Mats X. Andersson , Mats Hamberg , Asa Brunnström , Cornelia Göbel , Kerry L. McPhail , William H. Gerwick , Ivo Feussner , and Mats Ellerström *

Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; Plant and Soil Science Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40,1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Division of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Biolipox AB, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden; Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-University Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Oregon 97331; Centre for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, California 92093-0212, U.S.A

* Corresponding author; email: mats.ellerstrom{at}dpes.gu.se.

The jasmonate family of phytohormones, as represented by 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), dinor-phytodienoic acid (dn-OPDA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in Arabidopsis thaliana, has been implicated in a vast array of different developmental processes and stress responses. Recent reports indicate that OPDA and dn-OPDA occur not only as free acids in Arabidopsis, but also as esters with complex lipids, so-called arabidopsides. Recently we showed that recognition of the two bacterial effector proteins AvrRpm1 and AvrRpt2 induced high levels of a molecule consisting of two OPDA and one dn-OPDA esterified to a monogalactosyl diacylglycerol moiety, named arabidopside E (Andersson et al. [2006] J. Biol. Chem. 42: 31528-31537). In the present study we demonstrate that the synthesis of arabidopsides is mainly independent of the prokaryotic lipid biosynthesis pathway in the chloroplast and in addition to what previously has been reported, arabidopside E as well as an OPDA analogue, arabidopside G, described here accumulated during the hypersensitive response (HR) and in response to wounding. We also show that different signaling pathways lead to the formation of arabidopsides during the HR and wounding response, respectively. However, the formation of arabidopsides during both responses is dependent on an intact jasmonate signaling pathway. Additionally, we report inhibition of growth of the fungal nectrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cineria and in planta release of free jasmonates in a time frame which overlaps with the observed reduction of arabidopside levels. Thus, arabidopsides may have a dual function: as antipathogenic substances and as storage compounds that allow the slow release of free jasmonates.




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H. S. Chung, A. J.K. Koo, X. Gao, S. Jayanty, B. Thines, A. D. Jones, and G. A. Howe
Regulation and Function of Arabidopsis JASMONATE ZIM-Domain Genes in Response to Wounding and Herbivory
Plant Physiology, March 1, 2008; 146(3): 952 - 964.
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