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Published on October 19, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.104901

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Received June 29, 2007
Accepted October 6, 2007

Genomic organization and evolutionary conservation of plant D-type cyclins

Margit Menges , Giulio Pavesi , Piero Morandini , Laszlo Bogre , and James A. H. Murray *

Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK; Department of Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology; Department of Biology, University of Milan and CNR Biophysics Institute (Milan Section), Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy; School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK

* Corresponding author; email: j.murray{at}biotech.cam.ac.uk.

Plants contain more genes encoding core cell cycle regulators than other organisms but it is unclear whether these represent distinct functions. D-type cyclins (CYCD) play key roles in the G1-to-S phase transition, and Arabidopsis contains ten CYCD genes in seven defined subgroups, six of which are conserved in rice. Here we identify 22 CYCD genes in the poplar Populus trichocarpa genome, and confirm that these six CYCD subgroups are conserved across higher plants, suggesting subgroup specific functions. Different subgroups show gene number increases, with CYCD3 having three members in Arabidopsis, six in poplar and a single representative in rice. All three species contain a single CYCD7 gene. Despite low overall sequence homology, we find remarkable conservation of intron/exon boundaries, since in most CYCD genes of plants and mammals the first exon ends in the conserved cyclin signature. Only CYCD3 genes contain the complete cyclin box in a single exon, and this structure is conserved across angiosperms, again suggesting an early origin for the subgroup. The single CYCD gene of moss has a gene structure closely related to those of higher plants, sharing an identical exon/intron structure with several higher plant subgroups. However green algae have CYCD genes structurally unrelated to higher plants. Conservation is also observed in the location of potential CDK phosphorylation sites within CYCD proteins. Subgroup structure is supported by conserved regulatory elements, particularly in the eudicot species, including conserved E2F regulatory sites within CYCD3 promoters. Global expression correlation analysis further supports distinct expression patterns for CYCD subgroups.






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