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Published on October 26, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.107953

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Received August 22, 2007
Accepted October 19, 2007

Cytokinin receptors are involved in alkamide regulation of root and shoot development in Arabidopsis thaliana

Jose Lopez-Bucio *, Mayra Millan-Godinez , Alfonso Mendez-Bravo , Alina Morquecho-Contreras , Enrique Ramirez-Chavez , Jorge Molina-Torres , Anahi Perez-Torres , Masayuki Higuchi , Tatsuo Kakimoto , and Luis Herrera-Estrella

Instituto de Investigaciones Quimico-Biologicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolas de Hidalgo. Edificio B3, Ciudad Universitaria. C. P. 58030 Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Unidad Irapuato, Cinvestav-Guanajuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Apartado Postal 629, CP. 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan; Laboratorio Nacional de Genomica para la Biodiversidad, Cinvestav-Guanajuato. Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte, Apartado Postal 629, CP. 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

* Corresponding author; email: jbucio{at}zeus.umich.mx.

Alkamides and N-acilethanolamides are a class of lipid compounds related to animal endocannabinoids of wide distribution in plants. We investigated the structural features required for alkamides to regulate plant development by comparing the root responses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to a range of natural and synthetic compounds. The length of the acyl chain and the amide moiety were found to play a crucial role in their biological activity. From the different compounds tested, N-isobutyl decanamide, a small saturated alkamide was found to be the most active in regulating primary root growth and lateral root formation. Proliferative-promoting activity of alkamide treatment was evidenced by formation of callus-like structures in primary roots, ectopic blades along petioles of rosette leaves and disorganized tumorous tissue originating from the leaf lamina. Ectopic organ formation by N-isobutyl decanamide treatment was related to altered expression of the cell division marker CycB1:uidA and an enhanced expression of the cytokinin-inducible marker ARR5:uidA both in roots and in shoots. The involvement of cytokinins in mediating the observed activity of alkamides was tested using Arabidopsis mutants lacking one, two or three of the putative cytokinin receptors CRE1, AHK2 and AHK3. The triple cytokinin-receptor mutant was insensitive to N-isobutyl decanamide treatment, showing absence of callus-like structures in roots, the lack of lateral root proliferation and absence of ectopic outgrowths in leaves under elevated levels of this alkamide. Taken together our results suggest that alkamides and N-acylethanolamides may belong to a class of endogenous signaling compounds that interact with a cytokinin-signaling pathway to control meristematic activity and differentiation processes during plant development.






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