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Published on December 28, 2007; 10.1104/pp.107.111088

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Received October 16, 2007
Accepted December 10, 2007

Effects of Feeding Spodoptera littoralis on Lima Bean Leaves IV: Diurnal and Nocturnal Damage Differentially Initiate Plant Volatile Emission

Gen-ichiro Arimura , Sabrina Kopke , Maritta Kunert , Veronica Volpe , Anja David , Peter Brand , Paulina Dabrowska , Massimo E. Maffei , and Wilhelm Boland *

Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany; Department of Plant Biology and Centre of Excellence CEBIOVEM, University of Turin, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, I-10125 Turin, Italy

* Corresponding author; email: Boland{at}ice.mpg.de.

Continuous mechanical damage initiates the rhythmic emission of volatiles in Lima bean leaves (Phaseolus lunatus); the emission resembles that induced by herbivore damage. The effect of diurnal versus nocturnal damage on the initiation of plants' defense responses was investigated using MecWorm, a robotic device designed to reproduce tissue damage caused by herbivore attack. Lima bean leaves that were damaged by MecWorm during the photophase emitted maximum levels of {beta}-ocimene and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate in the late photophase. Leaves damaged during the dark phase responded with the nocturnal emission of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate but with only low amounts of {beta}-ocimene; this emission was followed by an emission burst directly after the onset of light. In the presence of 13CO2 this light-dependent synthesis of {beta}-ocimene resulted in incorporation of 75-85% of 13C, demonstrating that the biosynthesis of {beta}-ocimene is almost exclusively fuelled by the photosynthetic fixation of CO2 along the plastidial MEP pathway. Jasmonic acid (JA) accumulated locally in direct response to the damage and led to an immediate up-regulation of the {beta}-ocimene synthase gene (PlOS) independent of the phase, that is, light or dark. Nocturnal damage caused significantly higher concentrations of JA (ca. 2-3 times) along with enhanced expression levels of PlOS. Transgenic Arabidopsis transformed with PlOS promoter::GUS fusion constructs confirmed the expression of the enzyme at the wounded sites. In summary, damage-dependent JA levels directly control the expression level of PlOS, irrespective of light or dark conditions, and photosynthesis is the major source for the early precursors of the MEP pathway.




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