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Published on September 17, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.124404

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Received June 15, 2008
Accepted September 9, 2008

Nitric oxide interacts with salicylate to regulate biphasic ethylene production during the hypersensitive response

Luis A. J. Mur *, Lucas J.J. Laarhoven , Frans J. M. Harren , Michael A. Hall , and Aileen R. Smith

Aberystwyth Univerisity, Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth, Wales, UK. SY23 3DA; Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525ED Nijmegen. The Netherlands

* Corresponding author; email: lum{at}aber.ac.uk.

C2H4 is associated with plant defence but its role during the hypersensitive response (HR) remains largely uncharacterised. C2H4 production in tobacco following inoculation with HR-eliciting Pseudomonas syringae pathovars (P. s. pv.) measured by laser photoacoustic detection was biphasic. A first transient rise (C2H4–I) occurred 1-4 h following inoculation with HR-eliciting, disease-forming and non-pathogenic strains and also with flagellin (flg22). A second (avr-dependent) rise, at ~ 6h (C2H4-II) was only seen with HR-eliciting strains. Tobacco leaves treated with the C2H4 biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine, suggested that C2H4 influenced the kinetics of a HR. Challenging salicylate hydroxylase (SH) expressing tobacco lines and tissues exhibiting systemic acquired resistance suggested that C2H4 production was influenced by salicylic acid (SA). Disrupted expression of a C2H4 biosynthesis gene in SH tobacco plants implicated transcriptional control as a mechanism through which SA regulates C2H4 production. Treating leaves to increase oxidative stress, or injecting with SA initiated monophasic C2H4 generation but, the NO+-donor sodium nitroprusside initiated biphasic rises. To test if NO influenced biphasic C2H4 production during the HR, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME was co-inoculated with the avirulent strain of P. s. pv. phaseolicola into tobacco leaves. The first transient C2H4 rise appeared to be unaffected by L-NAME but the second rise was reduced. These data suggest that NO and SA are required to generate the biphasic pattern of C2H4 production during the HR may influence the kinetics of HR formation.




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