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Published on September 5, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.125187

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Received June 23, 2008
Accepted September 2, 2008

Terpene biosynthesis in glandular trichomes of hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Guodong Wang , Li Tian , Naveed Aziz , Pierre Broun , Xinbin Dai , Ji He , Andrew King , Patrick X. Zhao , and Richard A. Dixon *

Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73410, USA; CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, P.O. Box 373, York, YO 10 5YW, UK. Present addresses: Department of Plant Sciences, Asmundson Hall Room 221, University of California, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95616; Nestle R & D Center Tours, Plant Science & Technology, 101 Avenue Gustave Eiffel, 7390 Notre-Same D'Oe, France

* Corresponding author; email: radixon{at}noble.org.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L., Cannabaceae) is an economically important crop for the brewing industry, where it is used to impart flavor and aroma to beer, and has also drawn attention in recent years due to its potential pharmaceutical applications. Essential oils (mono- and sesqui-terpenes), bitter acids (prenylated polyketides) and prenylflavonoids are the primary phytochemical components that account for these traits, and all accumulate at high concentrations in glandular trichomes of hop cones. To understand the molecular basis for terpene accumulation in hop trichomes, a trichome cDNA library was constructed and 9,816 cleansed EST sequences were obtained from random sequencing of 16,152 cDNA clones. The ESTs were assembled into 3619 unigenes (1101 contigs and 2518 singletons). Putative functions were assigned to the unigenes based on their homology to annotated sequences in the GenBank database. Two mono-and two sesqui-terpene synthases identified from the EST collection were expressed in E. coli. Humulus lupulus monoterpene synthase 2 (Hl MTS2) formed the linear monterpene myrcene from geranyl pyrophosphate, whereas H. lupulus sesquiterpene synthase 1 (Hl STS1) formed both caryophyllene and humulene from farnesyl pyrophosphate. Together, these enzymes account for the production of the major terpene constituents of the hop trichomes. Hl STS2 formed the minor sequiterpene constituent germacrene A, which was converted to {beta}-elemene on chromatography at elevated temperature. We discuss potential functions for other genes expressed at high levels in developing hop trichomes.




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