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Published on September 12, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.125468

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Received June 27, 2008
Accepted September 2, 2008

Acceleration of flowering during shade-avoidance in Arabidopsis thaliana alters the balance between FLOWERING LOCUS C-mediated repression and photoperiodic induction of flowering

Amanda C. Johnson , Barbara Strasser , Pablo D. Cerdan , and Richard M. Amasino *

Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of WI, Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706; Fundacion Instituto Leloir, Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, 1405-Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Department of Biochemistry, University of WI, Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706

* Corresponding author; email: amasino{at}biochem.wisc.edu.

The timing of the floral transition in Arabidopsis thaliana is influenced by a number of environmental signals. Here, we have focused on acceleration of flowering in response to vegetative shade, a condition which is perceived as a decrease in the ratio of red to far-red radiation. We have investigated the contributions of several known flowering-time pathways to this acceleration. The vernalization pathway promotes flowering in response to extended cold via transcriptional repression of the floral inhibitor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC); we found that a low red to far-red ratio, unlike cold treatment, lessened the effects of FLC despite continued FLC expression. A low red to far-red ratio required the photoperiod-pathway genes GIGANTEA (GI) and CONSTANS (CO) to fully accelerate flowering in long days, and did not promote flowering in short days. Together, these results suggest a model in which far-red enrichment can bypass FLC-mediated late flowering by shifting the balance between FLC-mediated repression and photoperiodic induction of flowering to favor the latter. The extent of this shift was dependent upon environmental parameters such as the length of far-red exposure. At a molecular level, we found that far-red enrichment generated a phase delay in GI expression and enhanced CO expression and activity at both dawn and dusk. Finally, our analysis of the contribution of PHYTOCHROME AND FLOWERING TIME 1 (PFT1) to shade-mediated rapid flowering has led us to suggest a new model for the involvement of PFT1 in light signaling.




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