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Published on August 27, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.125807

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Received July 3, 2008
Accepted August 25, 2008

Genetic Variation for Lettuce Seed Thermoinhibition Is Associated with Temperature-sensitive Expression of Abscisic Acid, Gibberellin and Ethylene Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Response Genes

Jason Argyris , Peetambar Dahal , Eiji Hayashi , David W. Still , and Kent J. Bradford *

Department of Plant Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8780; Department of Plant Sciences, 3801 West Temple Avenue, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA 91768

* Corresponding author; email: kjbradford{at}ucdavis.edu.

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Salinas) seeds fail to germinate when imbibed at temperatures above 25 to 30°C (termed thermoinhibition). However, seeds of an accession of L. serriola (UC96US23) do not exhibit thermoinhibition up to 37°C in the light. Comparative genetics, physiology, and gene expression were analyzed in these genotypes to determine the mechanisms governing the regulation of seed germination by temperature. Germination of the two genotypes was differentially sensitive to abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin (GA) at elevated temperatures. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with these phenotypes collocated with a major QTL (Htg6.1) from UC96US23 conferring germination thermotolerance. ABA contents were elevated in Salinas seeds that exhibited thermoinhibition, consistent with the ability of fluridone (an ABA biosynthesis inhibitor) to improve germination at high temperatures. Expression of many genes involved in ABA, gibberellin (GA), and ethylene biosynthesis, metabolism and response was differentially affected by high temperature and light in the two genotypes. In general, ABA-related genes were more highly expressed when germination was inhibited and GA- and ethylene-related genes were more highly expressed when germination was permitted. In particular, LsNCED4, a gene encoding an enzyme in the ABA biosynthetic pathway, was up regulated by high temperature only in Salinas seeds and also collocated with Htg6.1. The temperature sensitivity of expression of LsNCED4 may determine the upper temperature limit for lettuce seed germination and indirectly influence other regulatory pathways via interconnected effects of increased ABA biosynthesis.




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