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Published on November 12, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.129353

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Received September 4, 2008
Accepted November 4, 2008

Genetic and Molecular Characterization of the VRN2 loci in Tetraploid Wheat

Assaf Distelfeld , Gabriela Tranquilli , Chengxia Li , Liuling Yan , and Jorge Dubcovsky *

Dept. Plant Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616-8515, U.S.A; Instituto de Recursos Biologicos, INTA, Villa Udaondo, (1686) Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dept. of Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, U.S.A

* Corresponding author; email: jdubcovsky{at}ucdavis.edu.

Winter wheat varieties require long exposures to low temperatures to flower, a process called vernalization. The VRN2 locus includes two completely linked zinc finger-CCT domain genes (ZCCT1 and ZCCT2) that act as flowering repressors down-regulated during vernalization. Deletions or mutations in these two genes result in the elimination of the vernalization requirement in diploid wheat. However, natural allelic variation in these genes has not been described so far in polyploid wheat. A tetraploid wheat population segregating for both VRN-A2 and VRN-B2 loci facilitated the characterization of different alleles. Comparisons between functional and non-functional alleles revealed that both ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 genes are able to confer vernalization requirement and that different ZCCT genes are functional in different genomes. ZCCT1 and ZCCT2 proteins from non-functional vrn2 alleles have mutations at arginine amino acids at positions 16, 35 or 39 of the CCT domain. These positions are conserved between CCT and HAP2 domains supporting a model in which the action of CCT domains is mediated by their interactions with HAP2/HAP3/HAP5 complexes. This study also revealed natural variation in gene copy number, including a duplication of the functional ZCCT-B2 gene and deletions or duplications of the complete VRN-B2 locus. Allelic variation at the VRN-B2 locus was associated with a partially dominant effect, which suggests that variation in the number of functional ZCCT genes can be used to expand allelic diversity for heading time in polyploid wheat and, hopefully, improve its adaptation to different environments.




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