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Published on October 31, 2008; 10.1104/pp.108.129866

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Received September 12, 2008
Accepted October 29, 2008

Sulfur Transfer through an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza

James W. Allen * and Yair Shachar-Hill

Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

* Corresponding author; email: allenj28{at}msu.edu.

Despite the importance of sulfur for plant nutrition, the role of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in sulfur uptake has received little attention. To address this issue, 35S labeling experiments were performed on mycorrhizas of transformed carrot roots and Glomus intraradices grown monoxenically on bi-compartmental Petri dishes. The uptake and transfer of 35SO42- by the fungus and resulting 35S partitioning into different metabolic pools in the host roots was analyzed when i) altering the sulfate concentration available to roots and ii) supplying the fungal compartment with cysteine, methionine or glutathione. Additonally, the uptake, transfer and partitioning of 35S from the reduced S sources [35S]cys and [35S]met was determined. Sulfate was taken up by the fungus and transferred to mycorrhizal roots, increasing root S contents by 25% in a moderate (not growth limiting) concentration of sulfate. High sulfate levels in the mycorrhizal root compartment halved the uptake of 35SO42- from the fungal compartment. The addition of 1 mM methionine, cysteine, or glutathione to the fungal compartment reduced the transfer of sulfate by 26%, 45% and 80% respectively over one month. Similar quantities of 35S were transferred to mycorrhizal roots whether 35SO42-, [35S]cys, or [35S]met was supplied in the fungal compartment. Fungal transcripts for putative sulfur assimilatory genes were identified, indicating the presence of the trans-sulfuration pathway. The suppression of fungal sulfate transfer in the presence of cysteine coincided with a reduction in putative sulfate permease and not sulfate adenylyltransferase transcripts, suggesting a role for fungal transcriptional regulation in S transfer to the host. A testable model is proposed describing root S acquisition through the AM symbiosis.






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