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Published on January 9, 2009; 10.1104/pp.108.130799

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Received October 3, 2008
Accepted December 31, 2008

Molecular interactions between the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera, Sphigidae) and its natural host Nicotiana attenuata. VIII An unbiased GCxGC-ToFMS analysis of the plant's elicited volatile emissions

Emmanuel Gaquerel , Alexander Weinhold , and Ian T. Baldwin *

Department of Molecular Ecology, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany

* Corresponding author; email: baldwin{at}ice.mpg.de.

Treating wounds in Nicotiana attenuata leaves with Manduca sexta oral secretions (W+OS) mimics most changes elicited by M. sexta herbivory but an unbiased analysis of the effect of the different OS constituents on volatile emissions is lacking. We used two-dimensional gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GCxGC-ToFMS) combined multivariate statistics to parse volatiles into regulatory patterns. Volatiles released by wounding alone and by the alkalinity of OS were assessed by applying a buffer known to mimic the pH-mediated changes of OS-elicitation (pectin methyl esterase activation and methanol release). The activity of fatty acid amino acid conjugates (FACs), well-known elicitors of anti-herbivore defenses, and of 2-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid (2-HOT), a newly discovered signal in OS, were determined. Approximately 400 analytes were detected after deconvolution and alignment of GCxGC data; 35 volatiles were significantly regulated upon W+OS. Two-thirds of which were specifically regulated by OS, being either amplified – most terpenoids and certain hexenylesters – or strongly repressed – many short-chain alcohols, some aromatic and hexenylesters derivatives. FACs played a central role in this pattern of regulation since they induced the emission of half of OS-elicited volatiles and inhibited the production of almost all OS-repressed ones; 2-HOT influenced emission of trans-{alpha}-bergamotene, while other unknown OS constituents amplified hexenylesters production. We conclude that the complex bouquet of herbivory-elicited volatiles result from the complex modulations of the wound-response by diverse cues found in OS. This work also underscores the value of ultra-high resolution GCxGC-Tof analysis combined with the non-targeted mining of the resulting data.




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C. Diezel, C. C. von Dahl, E. Gaquerel, and I. T. Baldwin
Different Lepidopteran Elicitors Account for Cross-Talk in Herbivory-Induced Phytohormone Signaling
Plant Physiology, July 1, 2009; 150(3): 1576 - 1586.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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