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Published on March 27, 2009; 10.1104/pp.108.131888

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Received October 30, 2008
Accepted March 23, 2009

Epistatic interactions between Opaque2 transcriptional activator and its target gene CyPPDK1 control kernel trait variation in maize

Domenica Manicacci *, Letizia Camus-Kulandaivelu , Marie Fourmann , Chantal Arar , Stephanie Barrault , Agnes Rousselet , Noel Feminias , Luciano Consoli , Lisa Frances , Valerie Mechin , Alain Murigneux , Jean-Louis Prioul , Alain Charcosset , and Catherine Damerval.

University Paris-Sud, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Genetique Vegetale, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette; INRA, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Genetique Vegetale, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette; CNRS, UMR 0320/UMR 8120 Genetique Vegetale, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette; Groupe Limagrain, domaine de Mons, F-63200 Aubiat; Groupe Biogemma, ZI du Brezet, 8 rue des freres Lumiere, F-63028 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 2; INRA, UMR 0206 Chimie Biologique, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon; University Paris-Sud, UMR 8618 Institut de Biotechnologie des Plantes, F-91405 Orsay

* Corresponding author; email: manicacci{at}moulon.inra.fr.

Association genetics is a powerful method to track gene polymorphisms responsible for phenotypic variation since it takes advantage of existing collections and historical recombination to study the correlation between large genetic diversity and phenotypic variation. We used a collection of 375 maize inbred lines representative of tropical, American and European diversity, previously characterized for genome-wide neutral markers and population structure, to investigate the role of two functionally related candidate genes, Opaque2 and CyPPDK1, on kernel quality traits. Opaque2 encodes a basic leucine-zipper transcriptional activator specifically expressed during endosperm development which controls the transcription of many target genes, including CyPPDK1, which encodes a cytosolic pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase. Using statistical models that correct for population structure and individual kinship, Opaque2 polymorphism was found to be strongly associated with variation of the essential amino acid lysine. This effect could be due to the direct role of Opaque2 on either zein transcription, zeins being major storage proteins devoid of lysine, or lysine degradation through the activation of lysine ketoglutarate reductase (LKR/SDH). Moreover, we found that a polymorphism in the Opaque2 coding sequence and several polymorphisms in the CyPPDK1 promoter non-additively interact to modify both lysine content and the protein versus starch balance, thus revealing the role in quantitative variation in plants of epistatic interactions between a transcriptional activator and one of its target genes.






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