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Published on January 16, 2009; 10.1104/pp.108.132225

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Received November 6, 2008
Accepted January 12, 2009

Biotic and abiotic stimulation of root epidermal cells reveals common and specific responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Andrea Genre , Giuseppe Ortu , Chiara Bertoldo , Elena Martino , and Paola Bonfante *

Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universita di Torino and Istituto Protezione Piante-CNR, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy

* Corresponding author; email: p.bonfante{at}ipp.cnr.it.

During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization, a focal accumulation of organelles occurs in root epidermal cells, prior to fungal penetration, beneath adhering hyphopodia. This is followed by the appearance of the pre-penetration apparatus (PPA), a transcellular column of cytoplasm connected to the nucleus and rich in cytoskeleton and secretory endomembranes. This apparatus appears to be responsible for the construction of an apoplastic compartment that confines the fungus within the cell lumen. In order to identify AM-specific elements within the PPA response, we challenged root cultures of Medicago truncatula, expressing a GFP tag for the endoplasmic reticulum, with an AM symbiont, a necrotrophic pathogen, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, a non compatible endomycorrhizal fungus, or abiotic physical stimuli. Parallel experiments were made on a M. truncatula non-symbiotic mutant (dmi3-1). The results have highlighted a correlation between physical stimulation of the cell surface and nuclear repositioning. Cytoplasmic aggregation (CA) was only induced by contact with compatible fungi, whereas PPA appearance was specifically triggered by the AM fungus. The dmi3-1 mutant did not develop CA or PPA and underwent cell death upon physical stimulation. The upregulation of an expansin-like gene, already identified as an early marker of AM fungal contact, was triggered in WT roots by all the fungi tested. Such observations identify responses that are specific to mycorrhizal interactions and extend the role of the DMI3 protein, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase, from symbiotic to pathogenic interactions.




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G. E. D. Oldroyd, M. J. Harrison, and U. Paszkowski
Reprogramming Plant Cells for Endosymbiosis
Science, May 8, 2009; 324(5928): 753 - 754.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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