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Published on January 7, 2009; 10.1104/pp.108.133884

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Received December 8, 2008
Accepted December 22, 2008

System potentials, a novel electrical long distance apoplastic signal in plants, induced by wounding

Matthias R. Zimmermann , Heiko Maischak , Axel Mithofer , Wilhelm Boland , and Hubert H. Felle *

Botanisches Institut I, Justus-Liebig-Universitat, Senckenbergstr. 17, D-35390 Gießen, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemische okologie, Hans-Knoll-Str. 4, D-07745 Jena, Germany

* Corresponding author; email: Hubert.Felle{at}bio.uni-giessen.de.

Systemic signaling was investigated in both a dicot (Vicia faba L.) and a monocot (Hordeum vulgare L.) plant. Stimuli were applied to one leaf (S-leaf) and apoplastic responses were monitored on a distant leaf (target; T-leaf) with micro-electrodes positioned in sub-stomatal cavities of open stomata. Leaves that had been injured by cutting and to which a variety of cations were subsequently added caused voltage transients at the T-leaf, which are neither action potentials nor variation potentials: with respect to the cell interior, the initial polarity of these voltage transients is hyperpolarizing; they do not obey the all-or-none rule, but depend on both concentration and the type of substance added, and propagate at 5 to 10 cm/min. This response is thought to be due to the stimulation of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase, a notion supported by the action of fusicoccin which also causes such voltage transients to appear on the T-leaf, whereas ortho-vanadate prevents their propagation. Moreover, apoplastic ion flux analysis reveals that, in contrast to action- or variation potentials, all of the investigated ion movements (Ca2+, K+, H+, Cl-) occur after the voltage change begins. We suggest that these wound-induced ‘system potentials’ represent a new type of electrical long-distance signaling in higher plants.




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