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Published on March 25, 2009; 10.1104/pp.108.134700

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Received January 5, 2009
Accepted March 23, 2009

STOP1 (Sensitive TO Proton Rhizotoxicity 1) Regulates Multiple Genes which Protect Arabidopsis from Proton and Aluminum Toxicities

Yoshiharu Sawaki , Satoshi Iuchi , Yasufumi Kobayashi , Yuriko Kobayashi , Takashi Ikka , Nozomu Sakurai , Miki Fujita , Kazuo Shinozaki , Daisuke Shibata , Masatomo Kobayashi , and Hiroyuki Koyama *

Laboratory of Plant Cell Technology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan; Experimental Plant Division, RIKEN-BRC, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan; Laboratory of Genome Biotechnology, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292–0818, Japan; RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: koyama{at}gifu-u.ac.jp.

The Arabidopsis mutant stop1 (sensitive to proton rhizotoxicity 1) carries a missense mutation at an essential domain of the His2-Cys2 zinc finger protein STOP1. Transcriptome analyses revealed that various genes were down-regulated in the mutant, indicating that STOP1 is involved in signal transduction pathways regulating aluminum (Al) and H+ responsive gene expression. The Al-hypersensitivity of the mutant could be caused by down-regulation of AtALMT1 (Arabidopsis Al-activated malate transporter gene) and ALS3 (aluminum sensitive 3). This hypothesis was supported by comparison of Al tolerance among T-DNA insertion lines and a transgenic stop-mutant carrying 35S::AtALMT1. All T-DNA insertion lines of STOP1, AtALMT1 and ALS3 were sensitive to Al, but introduction of CaMV35S::AtALMT1 did not completely recover Al tolerance of the stop1-mutant. Down-regulation of various genes involved in ion homeostasis and pH regulating metabolism in the mutant were also identified by microarray analyses. CIPK23 (CBL-interacting protein kinase 23) regulating major K+ transporter and a sulfate transporter SULT3;5 were down-regulated in the mutant. In addition, integral profiling of the metabolites and transcripts revealed that pH regulating metabolisms such as the GABA ({gamma}-amino butyric acid)-shunt and biochemical pH stat pathways are down-regulated in the mutant. These changes could explain the H+-hypersensitivity of the mutant and would make the mutant more susceptible in acid soil stress than other Al hypersensitive T-DNA insertion lines. Finally, we showed that STOP1 is localized to the nucleus, suggesting that the protein regulates gene expression of multiple genes which protect Arabidopsis from Al and H+ toxicities, possibly as a transcription factor.






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