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Published on May 27, 2009; 10.1104/pp.109.139329

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Received April 1, 2009
Accepted May 20, 2009

Fine tuning of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration is essential for pollen tube growth

Megumi Iwano *, Tetsuyuki Entani , Hiroshi Shiba , Mituru Kakita , Takeharu Nagai , Hideaki Mizuno , Atsushi Miyawaki , Tsubasa Shouji , Kenichi Kubo , Akira Isogai , and Seiji Takayama

Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan; Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan

* Corresponding author; email: m-iwano{at}bs.naist.jp.

Pollen tube growth is crucial for the delivery of sperm cells to the ovule during flowering plant reproduction. Previous in vitro imaging of Lilium longiflorum and Nicotiana tabacum has shown that growing pollen tubes exhibit a tip-focused Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) gradient and regular oscillations of the cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]cyt) in the tip region. Whether this [Ca2+] gradient and/or [Ca2+]cyt oscillations are present as the tube grows through the stigma (in vivo condition), however, is still not clear. We monitored [Ca2+]cyt dynamics in pollen tubes under various conditions using Arabidopsis and N. tabacum expressing yellow cameleon 3.6, a fluorescent calcium indicator with a large dynamic range. The tip-focused [Ca2+]cyt gradient was always observed in growing pollen tubes. Regular oscillations of the [Ca2+]cyt, however, were rarely identified in Arabidopsis or N. tabacum pollen tubes grown under the in vivo condition, or in those placed in germination medium just after they had grown through a style (semi-in vivo condition). On the other hand, regular oscillations were observed in vitro in both growing and nongrowing pollen tubes, although the oscillation amplitude was 5-fold greater in the nongrowing pollen tubes compared with growing pollen tubes. These results suggested that a submicromolar [Ca2+]cyt in the tip region is essential for pollen tube growth, whereas a regular [Ca2+] oscillation is not. Next, we monitored [Ca2+] dynamics in the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]ER) in relation to Arabidopsis pollen tube growth using yellow cameleon 4.6, which has a lower affinity for Ca2+ compared with yellow cameleon 3.6. The [Ca2+]ER in pollen tubes grown under the semi-in vivo condition was between 100 and 500 µM. In addition, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), an inhibitor of ER-type Ca2+-ATPases, inhibited growth and decreased the [Ca2+]ER. Our observations suggest that the ER serves as one of Ca2+ stores in the pollen tube and CPA-sensitive Ca2+-ATPases in the ER are required for pollen tube growth.




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