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Published on May 13, 2009; 10.1104/pp.109.139352

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Received April 3, 2009
Accepted May 7, 2009

Evidence for a role of gibberellins in salicylic acid modulated early plant responses to abiotic stress in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds

Ana Alonso-Ramirez , Dolores Rodriguez , David Reyes , Jesus Angel Jimenez , Gregorio Nicolas , Maria Lopez-Climent , Aurelio Gomez-Cadenas , and Carlos Nicolas *

Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal. Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias. Facultad de Biologia. Universidad de Salamanca. Plaza de los Doctores de la Reina s/n. Universidad de Salamanca. 37007 Salamanca. Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural. Universidad Jaume I. Campus Riu Sec 12071 Castellon. Spain

* Corresponding author; email: cnicolas{at}usal.es.

Exogenous application of GA3 was able to reverse the inhibitory effect of salt, oxidative and heat stresses in the germination and seedling establishment of Arabidopsis thaliana, this effect being accompanied by an increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels, a hormone that in recent years has been implicated in plant responses to abiotic stress. Furthermore, this treatment induced an increase in the expression levels of ics1 and npr1 genes, involved in SA biosynthesis and action, respectively. In addition, we proved that transgenic plants overexpressing a GA-responsive gene from Fagus sylvatica, coding for a member of the GASA family (Giberellic Acid Stimulated in Arabidopsis) (FsGASA4) showed a reduced GA dependence for growth and improved responses to salt, oxidative and heat stress at the level of seed germination and seedling establishment. In 35S:FsGASA4 seeds, the improved behavior under abiotic stress was accompanied by an increase in SA endogenous levels. All these data taken together suggest that this GA-responsive gene and exogenous addition of gibberellins are able to counteract the inhibitory effects of these adverse environmental conditions in seed germination and seedling growth through modulation of SA biosynthesis. Furthermore, this hypothesis is supported by the fact that sid2 mutants, impaired in SA biosynthesis, are more sensitive to salt stress than wild type and are not affected by exogenous application of GA3.






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