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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND ADAPTATION TO STRESS

Germanium-68 as an Adequate Tracer for Silicon Transport in Plants. Characterization of Silicon Uptake in Different Crop Species¹

Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Multidisciplinary Studies, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia (M.N., N.N.); Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Cycling, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China (Y.L.); Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom (E.A.K.); and Institute of Plant Nutrition (330), University of Hohenheim, D–70593 Stuttgart, Germany (V.R.)

A basic problem in silicon (Si) uptake studies in biology is the lack of an appropriate radioactive isotope. Radioactive germanium-68 (⁶⁸Ge) has been used previously as a Si tracer in biological materials, but its suitability for the study of Si transport in higher plants is still untested. In this study, we investigated ⁶⁸Ge-traced Si uptake by four crop species differing widely in uptake capacity for Si, including rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Maintenance of a ⁶⁸Ge:Si molar ratio that was similar in the plant tissues of all four plant species to that supplied in the nutrient solution over a wide range of Si concentrations demonstrated the absence of discrimination between ⁶⁸Ge and Si. Further, using the ⁶⁸Ge tracer, a typical Michaelis-Menten uptake kinetics for Si was found in rice, barley, and cucumber. Compared to rice, the relative proportion of root-to-shoot translocated Si was lower in barley and cucumber and especially in tomato (only 30%). Uptake and translocation of Si in rice, barley, and cucumber (Si accumulators) were strongly inhibited by 2,4-dinitrophenol and HgCl₂, but in tomato, as a Si-excluding species, both inhibitors produced the opposite effect. In conclusion, our results suggest the use of the ⁶⁸Ge tracer method as an appropriate choice for future studies of Si transport in plants. Our findings also indicate that the restriction of Si from symplast to apoplast in the cortex of Si excluders is a metabolically active process.

² These authors contributed equally to the paper.

The author responsible for distribution of materials integral to the findings presented in this article in accordance with the policy described in the Instructions for Authors (www.plantphysiol.org) is: Miroslav Nikolic (mnikolic{at}cms.bg.ac.yu).

www.plantphysiol.org/cgi/doi/10.1104/pp.106.090845

^* Corresponding author; e-mail mnikolic{at}cms.bg.ac.yu; fax 381–11–3055–289.

Received October 4, 2006; accepted November 4, 2006; published November 10, 2006.